Thanksgiving is a cherished American tradition, a time when families come together to express gratitude. This holiday holds special meaning for me as a direct descendant of Mary Allerton and Elder Thomas Cushman, both integral figures in Plymouth Colony. I find myself connected not only to the origins of this celebration but also to the courageous story of the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic in 1620 in search of a new life.
In this post, we’ll take a journey back to the autumn of 1621 to explore the origins of the First Thanksgiving, including who attended, what they celebrated, and what dishes likely graced their table.
Who Attended the First Thanksgiving?
The First Thanksgiving was a three-day harvest celebration held by the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and the Wampanoag people. Roughly 50 Pilgrims were present, down from the original 102 who had arrived on the Mayflower; harsh winters, illness, and lack of resources had taken a heavy toll. Among them was Mary Allerton, then a child, who would go on to live the longest among the Mayflower passengers.
Key figures of this celebration included Governor William Bradford, who helped lead the Pilgrims to Plymouth; Myles Standish, their military leader; and Elder William Brewster, their spiritual leader. Representing the Wampanoag people was Chief Massasoit, who, along with 90 of his men, joined the feast as a symbol of peace and alliance between the two groups.
What They Were Thankful For
The Pilgrims were deeply thankful for their first successful harvest, which ensured they would survive the approaching winter. After arriving in a harsh New England winter without sufficient supplies, they had faced tremendous hardship. Their new alliance with the Wampanoag had proved invaluable; the indigenous people taught them essential survival skills, such as how to plant corn, fish, and gather local resources. Without the guidance of individuals like Squanto (Tisquantum), who had lived in Europe and could communicate with the Pilgrims, their first harvest would likely not have been successful.
Why This Feast Was Important
The First Thanksgiving was a powerful moment of unity and peace between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag, marking a hopeful start to the Pilgrims’ life in the New World. The feast symbolized mutual respect and cooperation, with the two groups coming together to celebrate a successful harvest and express gratitude.
The alliance between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag was significant; it provided both communities with security in a land filled with challenges. For the Pilgrims, it represented not only a chance to survive but also a foothold in building a new life based on faith and freedom. For the Wampanoag, it brought strategic advantages in dealing with other tribes and European settlers.
How Long Did the Feast Last?
Historical records indicate that the First Thanksgiving feast lasted for three days. The Pilgrims and Wampanoag shared meals, hunting, and activities during this time. The length of the celebration highlights the significance of the occasion—it was not simply a meal, but a ceremonial exchange of goodwill.
What Was on the Menu?
The menu of the First Thanksgiving was vastly different from modern Thanksgiving meals. While turkey is now the star of the holiday, it’s uncertain if it was served in 1621. More likely, the Pilgrims and Wampanoag enjoyed wildfowl, which may have included duck, geese, and even swan. Venison, brought by the Wampanoag, was also a prominent dish.
Other likely foods included:
- Fish and Shellfish: Lobster, clams, and other seafood were plentiful in New England and were likely served.
- Corn: Not in the form of today’s sweet corn but as cornmeal, which the Pilgrims used to make a variety of porridges and breads.
- Pumpkin and Squash: These native vegetables were staples of the Wampanoag diet and likely included in the feast.
- Fruits and Nuts: They may have enjoyed wild berries, walnuts, and chestnuts, which were abundant in the area.
- Beans and Root Vegetables: Beans, onions, and carrots were also likely part of the meal.
The Pilgrims didn’t have sugar or ovens, so sweet desserts like pumpkin pie were not on the menu. Instead, they relied on simple preparations and the natural flavors of the harvest.
What Entertainment Might they have enjoyed?
Entertainment at the First Thanksgiving was likely simple but meaningful, reflecting both Pilgrim and Wampanoag traditions. Here are some activities and forms of entertainment they might have enjoyed during the three-day feast:
1. Games and Sports
The Pilgrims and Wampanoag likely engaged in physical activities and games, especially considering their differing but compatible cultures. These might have included:
- Target practice: Pilgrims brought muskets, so marksmanship competitions may have entertained both groups.
- Footraces: Footraces were common among Native Americans and might have been a way to foster friendly competition and camaraderie.
- Wrestling: A popular activity among the Wampanoag, wrestling may have also provided an opportunity for cross-cultural bonding.
2. Singing and Dancing
While the Pilgrims were generally more reserved in their celebrations, singing Psalms or hymns would have been a familiar and acceptable form of entertainment, especially songs expressing gratitude and faith.
The Wampanoag, on the other hand, used music and dance in their ceremonial gatherings. It’s likely they shared traditional dances, accompanied by drumming and chanting. For the Pilgrims, watching these performances would have been a unique cultural experience, and it’s possible they even joined in out of respect.
3. Storytelling
Storytelling was an important part of Wampanoag culture. Wampanoag elders may have shared stories about the history, values, and traditions of their people, passing down knowledge to the younger generation. This oral tradition would have been an enriching experience for both communities and a way for the Wampanoag to connect more deeply with the Pilgrims.
The Pilgrims might have shared their own stories, recounting tales of their journey on the Mayflower, hardships faced upon arrival, and reasons for their faith and resilience. This mutual storytelling could have fostered understanding and empathy between the two groups.
4. Military Drills
Under Myles Standish’s leadership, the Pilgrims sometimes performed military drills. These might have been demonstrated during the celebration, showcasing their skills and training in defense and survival tactics. For the Wampanoag, this could have been both an entertaining and practical display, as defense was important for all communities.
5. Nature Walks and Foraging
Surrounded by the beautiful fall scenery of New England, Pilgrims and Wampanoag alike might have enjoyed nature walks, foraging, or hunting excursions together. This was not only a form of entertainment but also a means to strengthen their alliance, as both groups shared knowledge of local plants, animals, and resources.
A Legacy of Gratitude
Reflecting on the First Thanksgiving and my connection to Mary Allerton and Elder Thomas Cushman, I am reminded of the resilience, gratitude, and hope that defined this early feast. Thanksgiving continues to be a time to honor our blessings and remember the strength of those who came before us. While the menu and traditions have evolved, the spirit of Thanksgiving remains unchanged.
Happy Thanksgiving from my family to yours.